Say you have an array for which the ith element is the price of a given stock on day i.
Design an algorithm to find the maximum profit. You may complete at most two transactions.
Note: You may not engage in multiple transactions at the same time (i.e., you must sell the stock before you buy again).
Example 1:
Input: prices = [3,3,5,0,0,3,1,4]
Output: 6
Explanation: Buy on day 4 (price = 0) and sell on day 6 (price = 3), profit = 3-0 = 3.
Then buy on day 7 (price = 1) and sell on day 8 (price = 4), profit = 4-1 = 3.
Example 2:
Input: prices = [1,2,3,4,5]
Output: 4
Explanation: Buy on day 1 (price = 1) and sell on day 5 (price = 5), profit = 5-1 = 4.
Note that you cannot buy on day 1, buy on day 2 and sell them later, as you are engaging multiple transactions at the same time. You must sell before buying again.
Example 3:
Input: prices = [7,6,4,3,1]
Output: 0
Explanation: In this case, no transaction is done, i.e. max profit = 0.
Example 4:
Input: prices = [1]
Output: 0想法: 這題是 122. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock II 和 121. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock
的進階題,差別在於說這題限制最多只能進行兩次交易(買進兩次賣出兩次),因此必須要找出獲利最大的兩次交易。題目要求在買新股票之前必須先賣掉手上持有的股票,因此同一時間手上只能持有一隻股票,所以我們可以分析如下:假設: hold1[k] 表示第 k 天手上持有的第一支股票目前的損益 sold1[k] 表示第 k 天清空手上第一支股票之後目前的損益
hold2[k] 表示第 k 天手上持有的第二支股票目前的損益
sold2[k] 表示第 k 天清空手上第二支股票之後目前的損益則可以得知(prices[k] 為第 k 天的股價 // 第 k 天持有可能為第 k 天買進 或是 之前就持有了 (都還沒買任何一隻股票前損益為 0) hold1[k] = max(0 - prices[k], hold1[k - 1]) // 第 k 天賣掉第一支股票的損益可能為第 k 天當天賣掉 或是 之前就賣掉了
sold1[k] = max(hold1[k - 1] + prices[k], sold1[k - 1]) // 第 k 天持有第二支股票可能為第 k 天買進第二支股票(表示前一天之前要先把第一支股票賣掉)
// 或是 之前就持有第二支股票了
hold2[k] = max(sold1[k - 1] - prices[k], hold2[k - 1])
// 第 k 天賣掉第二支股票的損益可能為第 k 天當天賣掉第二支股票 或是 之前就賣掉了
sold2[k] = max(hold2[k - 1] + prices[k], sold2[k - 1])
最後再取最後一天的 max(sold1, sold2),因為目標是最大獲利因此最後一天的 hold1, hold2不用列入考慮(最後一天還沒賣掉絕對不會是最大獲利,根本沒有獲利)
Complexity: O(n) time.
完整程式碼:class Solution {
public:
int maxProfit(vector<int>& prices) {
int hold1 = INT_MIN;
int sold1 = 0;
int hold2 = INT_MIN;
int sold2 = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < prices.size(); i++) {
int hold1_pre = hold1;
int sold1_pre = sold1;
int hold2_pre = hold2;
int sold2_pre = sold2;
// 當天買進 or 前一天就持有
hold1 = max(0 - prices[i], hold1_pre);
// 當天賣掉之前買進的 or 不買不賣 維持之前賣出的結果
sold1 = max(hold1_pre + prices[i], sold1_pre);
// 當天買進,表示之前賣掉第一支股票 or 繼續持有手上的第二隻股票
hold2 = max(sold1_pre - prices[i], hold2_pre);
// 當天賣掉之前持有的第二隻股票 or 維持之前賣出的結果
sold2 = max(hold2_pre + prices[i], sold2_pre);
}
return max(sold1, sold2);
}
};
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